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BY JACK NELSON
and PAUL HOUSTON
Times Staff Writers
WASHINGTON - Long
before they had heard the
evidence in the impeach-
ment inquiry, Walter
Flowers and M. Caldwell
Butler emphasized how
crucial they considered
their votes on whether to
recommend that President
Nixon be impeached.
Flowers, an Alabama
Democrat whose district
voted overwhelmingly in
1972 to reelect Mr. Nixon,
said, "This is the only vote
I'll, ever be remembered
for and it would not be fair
to my family or to myself
if I did not cast my vote on
the basis of the evidence."
Butler, a Virginia Re-
publican whose district
also voted overwhelming-
ly to relect Mr. Nixon,
bristled when a reporter at
a meeting he addressed
suggested t h a t political
considerations might , in-
Sluence his decisions.
"I would like to get my
constituency and my con-
science together," Butler
declared. "But if I can't,
I'll just have to vote my
conscience. The job is not
worth voting against my
conscience."
As members of the
House Judiciary Commit-
tee, Flowers and Butler,
together with their 36 col-
leagues, are approaching
the moment of truth when
they must vote "aye" or
"nay" on articles of im-
peachment against t h e
President of the United
States.
Debate on proposed arti-
cles opens today at 4:30
p.m. PDT with live televi-
sion coverage. the first
time the c o m m itt e e has
opened its hearings to the
public since it began re-
ceiving evidence on May 9.
Throughout the hear-
ings, Flowers and Butler
have said their con-
s c i e n c e s will be their
guide. But not all of the
committee members feel
t h a t political considera-
tions should be brushed
aside.
Rep. Charles E. Wiggins
(R-Calif.), who has been
the committee's most out-
spoken challenger of the
case against the President,
contends that the ultimate
decision on whether to
recommend impeachment
will be a political one.
Wiggins says the com-
mittee's hearings neces-
sarily began on a political
footing, with the majority
composed largely of mem-
bers who oppose the Pres-
ident and the minority
made up mostly of mem-
bers who support him.
Even if a member con
eluded that Mr. Nixon had
committed an impeach-
able offense, Wiggins said,
he still would have to
make the political decision
of whether the President
should be ousted from of-
fice because of the offense.
In a presentation which
he described as emphasiz-
ing the politics in im-
peachment with "a capital
P," Sam Garrison, a minor-
ity counsel, told the com-
mittee Monday that im-
peachment "is not a nar-row question of what the
President did on a particu-
lar date or whether there
was complicity in a crime,
but whether the public in-
terest will be served or
disservedbyeremoval of
the President from office."
The committee is com-
posed of 21 Democrats and
17 Republicans, all law-
yers. Among them are
four ex-FBI agents, nine
former prosecutors - and
four poets, including
chairman Peter W. Rodino
Jr. (D-N.J.).
For a group so large, it is
hardly typical of the
House of Representatives,
its Democrats tending to
be more liberal than their
colleagues in the House as
a whole, its Republicans
tending to be more conser-
vative than their GOP col-
legues.S o in e Democrats, in-
cluding Rodino, have spe-
culated that the majority
will vote solidly to recom-
mend impeachment.
A m o n g the Democrats,
only Flowers and another
Southerner - James R.
Mann of South Carolina-
a r e considered possible
v o tte s against impeach-
ment.
Rodino has said he be-
lieves that at least five Re-
publican votes are needed
to make a strong case for
endorsement by the full
House. A simple majority
would be needed in the
435-member House to im-
peach the President, put-
ting him on trial in the
Senate where a two-thirds
vote (at least 67 senators)
would be needed to con-
vict.
One Republican vote has
already be e n recorded,
that of Rep. Lawrence J.
Hogan of Maryland, who
announced Tuesday he
would support impeach-
ment.
The committee majority
hopes that at least five
p r o - impeachment votes
will come from what one
Democrat called "a pool of
persuadeables" among the
Republicans.
Rodino says he believes
that o t h e r Republicans
most likely to vote for im-
peachment are Reps. But-
ler, William S. Cohen
(Me.), Hamilton Fish Jr.
(N.Y.), Thomas F. Rails-
back (Ill.), Robert McClory
(Ill.) and Henry P. Smith
III (N.Y.).
S o m e Democrats are
saying that several other
Republicans now are con-
sidered as possible votes
for impeachment. They in-
clude:
Charles W. Sandman Jr.
(N.J.),' David W. Dennis
Ind.), Wiley Mayne (Iowa)
and H a r o l d Froehlich
(Wis.).
The other Republican
members generally are de-
scribed by pro-impeach-
ment Democrats as having
"their feet in concrete" in
their opposition to im-
peachment.
They are, in addition to
Wiggins, who has been de-
scribed by a fellow Repub-
lican on the committee as
"the President's chief de-
fense attorney," Reps. Ed-
ward Hutchinson (Mich.),
the ranking minority
member; Delbert L. Latta
(Ohio), Trent Lott (Miss.),
Joseph J. Maraziti (N.J.)
and Carlos J. Moorhead
(Calif.).
W h e n the committee
votes on articles of im-
peachment, the vote will
be cast in the same man-
ner that it uses to vote on
all business matters. Rodi-
no will cast his vote after
all members of both par-
ties have voted. The
Democrats will vote first,
beginning with the sec-
ond-ranking member, Rep.
Harold D. Donohue
(Mass.), and continuing in
order of seniority. Hutch-
inson will cast the first
Republican vote, followed
by other minority mem-
bers in order of seniority.
Thumbnail sketches of
all members, with Rodino
listed first, and otherDemocrats in order of
their seniority and Repub-
licans in their order of se-
niority follow:
DEMOCRATS
Chairman P e t e r W.
Rodino Jr. (N.J.), 65, serv-
ing his 25th year on the
committee, was r a i s e d
from relative obscurity by
what he frequently has de-
scribed as "the awesome
responsibility" of the im-
peachment inquiry.
The chairman has been
credited by committee Re-
publicans as well as Demo-
crats with guiding the in-
quiry in an even-handed
manner.
Following a policy of
compromise, Rodino has
kept partisan wrangling to
a minimum and hard-lin-
ers on both sides of the
issue from any serious re-bellion. Under his lead-
e r s h i p, the committee
gave presidential counsel
James D. St. Clair a great-
er role in the proceedings
than the Democrats
claimed he deserved under
the Constitution, but a
smaller role than the Re-
publicans demanded.
As a member of the
committee, Rodino helped
rewrite the nation's im-
migration laws and draft-
ed majority reports for im-
portant civil rights legisla-
tion in the 1950s and
1960s. But he remained a
relatively obscure c o n-
gressman until 1973, when
he became chairman.
A 1937 law school grad-
uate of the University of
Newark (now Rutgers),
Rodino is in his 26th year
in the House. He was re-
elected with 80% of the
vote in 1972 and has 3niy
token oppostion in the
general election this
November.
Harold D. Donohue
Mass.), 73, bachelor, has
represented Massa-
chusetts' 3rd District, a
manufacturing area
a r o u n d Worcester, the
state's second-largest city,
since 1946. Donohue, who
will retire in January, was
unopposed in the 1972
election. Th e President
polled only 46% of the
vote in his district in that
year.
Donohue keeps a low
and occasionally nodding
profile. He invariably sup-
ports Rodino, who some-
times calls upon him to
make motions advanced
by the chairman. Donohue
served in the Navy during
World War II and was a
lieutenant c o m m a n d e r
when he returned to cvili-
an life in 1945.
Americans for Demo-
cratic Action and another
llberal group that moni-
tors congressional votes,
the Committee for Politi-
cal Education (COPE) of
the AFL-CIO, give him a
high rating on the liberal
scorecard.
Jack Brooks (Tex.), 51,
w h o s e criticism of Mr.
Nixon is sprinkled with
expletives and who has
made no secret of his sup-
port for impeachment de-
spite the fact the Pres-
ident carried his district
by 60% in 1972. Brooks
carried it by 66%.
"One of these days,"
Brooks said recently, "the
Republicans are g o n n a
have to sit down to a bul-
let breakfast, and it's gon-
na break their (expletive
deleted) teeth."
A congressman s i n c e
1952, he majored in jour-
nalism at the University of
Texas, spent two years
overseas as a marine in
World War II, earned a
law degree at Texas, and
served in the state legisla-
ture. He is a liberal and ci-
vil rights advocate. He
headed a subcommittee
which investigated federal
spending at Mr. Nixon's
homes in Key Biscayne
and San Clemente.
R o b e rt W. Kasten-
meier (Wis.), 50, a con-
gressman since 1958,whose voting record is rat-
ed a perfect 100 by ADA.
He was reelected in 1972
with 69% of the vote,
while Mr. Nixon lost the
district with 49%.
A 1952 graduate of the
University of Wisconsin
law school, his district in-
cludes the university, a
center of liberal and radi-
cal student activities.
Kastenmeier was quoted
in a recent interview as
saying, "Someone voting
against impeachment
from a district such as
mine would get a lot of
heat. People are outraged
with Mr. Nixon."
There is scant chance
Kastenmeier will feel any
heat. William Dixon, an
attorney on his staff, was
the author of memos that
c i t e d discrepancies be-
tween the White House-
e d i t e d tape transcripts
and those of the commit-POSSIBLY AGAINST-Democrats who may oppose
impeachment are Reps. Flowers, on left, and Mann.
() photostee. The memos were then
leaked to the news media.
Don Edwards (Calif.),
59, an ex-FBI agent and
former chairman of ADA,
perhaps the leading civil
libertarian on the commit-
tee. He helped persuade
Democrats to give St. Clair
a relatively broad role in
the inquiry and was a
leading strategist .in keep-
ing the evidentiary hear-
ings closed.
Restrained in his anti-
Nixon position through
most of the hearings, Ed-
wards opposed releasing
committee evidence, con-
tending ittviolated Mr.
Nixon's right to due pro-
cess of law. Recently,
however, he said the
evidence showed "crimin-
al activity and misconduct
on the part of 4the Pres-
ident almost since the
start of his Administra-
tion."
A House member since
1963, he represents the
blue collar suburbs of the
9th District (Oakland to
San, Jose). He got 72% of
the vote in the district in
1972, compared to 48% for
Mr. Nixon.
William L. Hungate
(Mo.), 51, a poet and song-
writer and former prose-
cutor, whose sparks of hu-
m o r h a v e occasionally
brought a note of levity to
the otherwise solemn im-
peachment proceedings.
Moderately liberal, he
comes from a largely rural
district that gave 65% of
its votes to Mr. Nixon in
1972 and reelected Hun-
gate with 67% of the vote.
A 1943 graduate of the
University of Missouri, he
served as an infantryman
in Europe during World
War II, then earned a law
degree at Harvard in 1948.
He was first elected to
Congress in 1954.
Commenting on t h e
committee's tapes of pres-
idential conversations, he
said, "I think if the public
could hear those tapes,
perhaps after the children
are in bed, that they can
form their own judgment."
John C o n y e r s Jr.
Mich.), 45, the first black
member of the Judiciary
Committee and one of the
first congressmen to move
for impeachment of Mr.
Nixon. He won his Detroit
district in 1972 with 88%
of the vote: Mr. Nixon
polled 14%.
"The way the White
House talks about the
committee," Conyers says,
"I wonder if we're the im-
peachers or the im-
peachees."
He voted against a com-
mittee letter sent to Mr.
Nixon informing him he
w a s in noncompliance
with a subpoena. His rea-
son: He felt the letter was
not strong enough.
Following Army service
in Korea, he earned a law
dogree at Wayne State
University in 1958. He was
first elected to Congress in
1964.
J o s h u a Eilberg (Pa.),
53, a former prosecutor.
Relatively shy and soft-
spoken, he generated one
of the biggest flaps of the
inquiry by publicly inter-preting evidence on wire-
tapping as adverse to Sec-retary of State Henry A.
Kissinger.
A former majority leader
of the Pennsylvania
Ilouse of Representatives,
Eilberg represents t h e
state's middle-income res-
idential 4th District of
Philadelphia. He was first
elected to Congress in
1966. In 1972 he was re-
elected with 56% of the
vote, compared to 69% for
Mr. Nixon.
He majored in econom-
is at the University of
Pennsylvania and after
graduation in 1941 served
as a Navy officer during
World War II. He earned a
law degree in 1948 at Tem-
ple University.
Jerome R. W a l d i e
(Calif.), 49, who sponsored
tie first impeachment re-
snttion last fall after Mr.
Nixon f i r e d Archibald
Cox, the first special
Watergate prosecutor.
Last April, before the
committee b e g a n hear-
ings, Waldie said, "What
the public already knows
sustains the charge t h a t
Nixon has committed im-
peachable offenses."
He represents Califor-
n ia' s heavily industrial
14th District (most of
Contra Costa County), was
first elected in 1966 and
has regularly won reelec-
tion with more than 70%
of the vote. He sacrificed a
chance for almost certain
reelection by running for
governor in the Democrat-
ic primary this year and
finished a distant fifth in a
field of seven.
He served as an Army
infantryman during
World War II, received his
law degree from UC Berke-
ley in 1953 and served 11
years in the California
Legislature.
Walter Flowers (Ala.),
41, who has come in for
c o n s i d erable attention
from Rodino in what the
White House would call
"stroking" sessions. Rodi-
no is known to believe
that Flowers' vote for im-
peachment is important
for the Democrats to put
up a solid front in the com-
mittee and for articles of
impeachment to attract
significant support from
Southern Democrats on
the House floor.
As the evidentiary hear-
ings ended, a reporter
asked Flowers how he
planned to vote. "I'm in
the fork of the tree," he re-
plied, "and I'm not coming
down until the roll is call-
ed up yonder."
H i s district reelected
him with 85% of the vote
in 1972, with Mr. Nixon
polling 66%. Hetearned
his law degree at the Uni-
versity of Alabama.
James R. Mann (S.C.),
54, a former prosecutor,
who polled 66% of his dis-
trict's vote in 1972, com-
pared to 80% for Mr. Nix-
on.
Mann has criticized the
President for refusing to
r e 1 i n quish subpoenaed
tapes and documents and
has defended Rodino
against White House
charges of bias. He has re-
frained from commenting
on the evidence.A graduate of the Cita-
del, he served in the Army
in World WAr II and wasdischarged in 1946 as a
lieutenant colonel at the
age of 26. He earned a law
degree at the University of
South Carolina in 1947 and
practiced law in Green-
ville, served as a state leg-
islator and a county prose-
cutor before being elected
to Congress in 1968.
Paul S. Sarbanes
(Md.), 41, the son of Greek
immigrants, a Rhode s
scholar and former state
legislator who represents
the Baltimore suburbs of
his state's 3rd District.
First elected to Congress
in 1970, he was reelected
in 1972 with 70% of the
district's vote, compared
to 67% for Mr. Nixon.
He has not commented
on the evidence but has
said he believes an im-
peachable offense does not
necessarily have to be a
criminal violation.
He wasta scholarship re-
cipient at Princeton Uni-
versity where he was a
classmate and friend of
consumer advocate Ralph
Nader. He received a law
degree at Harvard in 1960.
John F. Seiberling
(Ohio), 55, first elected to
Congress in 1970 in a cam-
paign based on peace and
e n v i ronment, reelected
with 74% of the vote in
1972 when his district
gave Mr. Nixon 49% of the
vote.
As he prepared for de-
bating the impeachment
issue this week, Seiberling
said, "If we find the Pres-
ident has abused his office
to the point he has jeopar-
dized the framework of
the Constitution, we have
to come to a political deci-
sion that we cannot permit
that conduct or all future
Presidents will be allowed
to follow that standard
and the scheme of the
founding fathers will be
undermined. We're decid-
ing not an ordinary cri-
minal offense but an of-
fense against the Constitu-
tion."
A World War II Army
veteran, he was graduated
from Harvard in 1941 and
from Columbia law school
in 1949. He also writes
poetry.
George E. Danielson
(Calif.), 59, an ex-FBI
agent and former assistant
federal prosecutor in Los
Angeles, who was first
elected in 1970 and reelect-
ed in 1972 with 63% of the
vote. He represents the
29th District, an area of
Los Angeles suburbs where
electronics a n d aircraft
are major industries. The
district gave Mr. Nixon
54% of the vote in 1972.
He has been one of the
most active members of
the inquiry, leading the ef-
fort against permitting St.
Clair to turn the investiga-
tion into an adversary
proceeding.He counseled
against citing Mr. Nixon
prematurely for contempt,
saying, "That's like giving
a traffic ticket to a bank
robber. We have the great-
est enforcement power for
our subpoenas known to
mankind: impeachment."
After being graduated in
1939 from the University
of Nebraska law school,
Danielson served as anFBI agent until 1943 when
he joined the Navy. He
served in the California
Legislature from 1962 to
1970.
Robert F. Drinan
(Mass.), 53, a Jesuit priest,
first elected to Congress in
1970 with only 38% of the
vote and reelected in 1972
with 49.6%, compared to
44% for Mr. Nixon.
The first Roman Catho-
lic clergyman to serve in
Congress, Father Drinan
also was the first member
of Congress to call formal-
ly for the President's im-
peachment. An exuberant
liberal he has been labeled
the "mad monk" by some
of his critics in the House.
He holds a law degree
from Georgetown law cen-
ter and is former dean of
the Boston College law
school.Charles B. Rangel
(N.Y.), 44, a former
prosecutor, born and
reared in Harlem, first
elected to Congress in 1970
after defeating the 1 a t e
R e p. A d a m C 1 a y to n
Powell Jr. in the Demo-
cratic primary. T h e 19th
District reelected him by a
96% vote in 1972 when it
gave Mr. Nixon 19%.
He first urged an im-
peachment inquiry in
June, 1973.
He served in the Army
from 1948 to 1952, was
graduated from the New
York University school of
commerce in 1957 and
earned a law degree at St.
John's University in 1960.
He served as an assistant
U.S. attorney, a counsel to
the Speaker of the state
Assembly and as a state
legislator.
Barbara C. Jordan
(Tex.), 38, elected in 1972
from Houston's new 18th
District, the first black
womah elected to Con-
gress from the South. The
district, which is 42%
black and 20% Mexican-
American, gave her 81%
of the vote; Mr. Nixon
polled 35%.
The articulate Congress-
woman has not comment-
ed on the evidence but has
been outspoken in criticiz-
ing the President for re-
fusing to comply with
committee subpoenas. Ro-
dino frequently has looked
to her for advice and lead-
ership on procedural mat-
ters.
A 1956 graduate of Texas
Southern University, she
has a law degree from hos-
ton University. In 1966 she
was elected to the Texas
Senate, the only woman in
the 30-member body, and
four years later was elect-
ed its president pro tem-
pore.
Ray Thornton (Ark.) 45,
a former Arkansas attor-
ney general, elected in
1972 by an agriculture and
timber district which gave
69% of its vote to Mr. Nix-
on. His colleagues general-
ly expect him to vote for
impeachment.
He was graduated from
Yale University in 1950
with a degree in political
science, served in t h e
Navy during the Korean
war and earned a law de-
gree at the University of
Arkansas in 1956.
E 1i z a b e t h Holtzman
(N.Y.), 32, an activist in
liberal causes who sued
President Nixon last year
f o r bombing Cambodia
without the consent of
Congress. She is the rea-
son that Rodino, rather
than 86-year-old Emanuel
Celler, is directing the im-
peachment inquiry. She
upset Celler, a congress-
man for 49 years and long-
time Judiciary Committee
chairman, in t h e 1972
Democratic primary and
went on to win election
with 66% of the vote in
the Brooklyn district. Mr.
Nixon polled 46%.
Miss Holtzman has said
the evidence shows Mr.
Nixon has not lived up to
his oath of office. A grad-
uate of Radcliffe College,
she earned a law degree at
Harvard. She has prac-
ticed law in New York andworked on the staff of for-
mer Mayor John V. Lind-
say.
Wayne Owens (Utah),
37, who was elected in
1972 with 55% of the vote
in a district that voted
67% for Mr. Nixon.
A former administrative
assistant to Sen. Edward
M. Kennedy (D - Mass.),
O w e n s acknowledges a
"built - in antipathy" for
Mr. Nixon, but said, "I will
vote my own conscience
and judgment" on im-
peachment. He spearhead-
ed the drive that resulted
in approval of television
coverage for the hearings.
A graduate of the Uni-
versity of Utah, he served
as a Mormon missionary
from 1957 to 1960. He was
R o c k y Mountain states
coordinator for the lateRobert F. Kennedy's pres-
idential campaign in 1968.
Edward Mezvinsky
(Iowa), 37, who cam-
paigned against the Viet-
nam war and the Nixon
Administration in 1972 in
unseating Rep. Fred
Schwengel (R-Iowa).
A consumer advocate
a n d liberal, Mezvinsky
says of the impeachment
inquiry, "It is not just
Richard Nixon who is on
trial here but the Congress
and maybe t h e w h o l e
country."
A graduate of the Uni-
versity of Iowa, he has a
master's degree in politi-
cal science and a law de-
gree from UC Berkeley.
Mezvinsky has served in
the Iowa Legislature.
REPUBLICANS
E d w a r d Hutchinson,
(Mich.), 59, first elected to
the House in 1963. He is
considered a "constituent
congressman," a man who
has won reelection be-
cause of his attention to
problems of his district
rather than addressing na-
tional issues. He is rank-
ing minority member on
the committee.
A quiet, conservative
man, he has said, "We've
only got one President,
and impeachment of a
President is something the
country can't afford."
Hutchinson is the only
member of the committee
who voted against every
one of the subpoenas for
White House tapes and
documents, arguing in the
end that the subpoenas
.'ere unenfcrceb1e.
One of two millionaires
on the committee, Hutch-
inson represents a largely
rural district around the
industrial town of Benton
Harbor and the residential
community of St. Joseph
on the Michigan - Indiana
border.
R o b e r t McClory (Ill.),
65, came to the House the
same year Hutchinson did,
but is the second-ranking
Republican on the com-
mittee because he lost to
Hutchinson in a draw for
the ranking position.
McClory, however, has
been the leader of the Re-
publicans on the commit-
tee. He was one of the
chief sponsors of Albert E.
Jenner Jr. for the minority
counsel's job and later be-
came sharply critical of
Jenner when he sub-
scribed to the staff ar-
guments for the Pres-
ident's impeachment.
A talkative man whose
views on the impeachment
question have sometimes
seemed to change daily, he
has been a supporter of
the Nixon legislative pro-
grams, voting with the
Administration 67% of the
time in 1973. His district is
in the outer Chicago sub-
urbs.
Henry P. Smith I,
(N.Y.), 62, a conservative
who is retiring at the end
of his current term after
10 years in the House. He
acknowledges he would
like to have a presidential
appointment as congres-
sional liaison to the U.S.
mission to the United Na-
tions.
Smith has a reputationfor integrity among his
House colleagues and said
he saw no conflict of inter-
est in his desire for a pres-
idential appointment and
his upcoming vote on im-
peachment. He is a grad-
uate of Dartmouth College
and the Cornell University
law school.
He is considered one of
the potential Republican
votes for impeachment.
Charles W. Sandman
(N.J.), 52, a conservative
who has represented a
coastal and agricultural
district since 1967. He was
defeated in a 1973 race for
governor, losing his own
district, which he had car-
ried by 66% in his 1972
House race.
An Air Corps navigator
during World War II, he
Please Turn to Pg. 28, Col.1I
mpeachment Panel
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[Barbara Jordan Scrapbook, July - September, 1974], book, 1974; (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth616583/m1/13/: accessed May 21, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Texas Southern University.