The Eastern Texian (San Augustine, Tex.), Vol. 1, No. 12, Ed. 1 Saturday, June 20, 1857 Page: 1 of 4
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TEXAS, SATURDAY,
20, 1857#
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THE EASTERN TfiXlAN,
cwrV Saturday at the
office, corner %f Columbia
in Augustine, Texas.
tfif *■^ v'• ■■' ■!'"'< f i_il>t t ,(^
" fJ|PP^ IHB1TEXIAN
! CofY—For one year of fifty-two
(lit advance,)...,......£2 60
g, do ••••«•••• .10 00
I Copy—If not ia advance..... .3 00
i\ #*'-•• ■' After six months..... .4 00
Ke papers will be sent out of the County,
(5^tott powible agents,) unless the
"" i the ofdw,
Throughout the
*0 *ot aa Agents for
#**.#§ <* >*** * * i s'i o *ci
H)KK Sqdieb—Off tte lines, or less, first
. insertion, one Mfcer1} each subsequent
: ^liBsrtion, fifty Hsents." *
, . . ... ■••■■■..
debied exclusively to any party lor his
success. Deduct the Whig votes
and the votes of the National Ameri-
cans, add ir would be found that he
h3d received but a small Democratic
vote. He was indebted for success
to *he strong Union feeling, which
breught the moderate men of «tf"pai
ties to his support. This he verily
believed, without that feeling Mr.
hanan would have been badly and tnore of Mexico, and was endeav-
ten. Had MrUFillmore been out
ofihe fece, the contest would have
hoes* purely sectional one, and 'every
Northern State would have gobe for
Freuiout; and he would be the Presi-
dent to-day, provided he had been al*
lowed td take his seat. But thelrte
had .been a concerted movement t&
prevent this, in case of his election.
There had been a Convention of Gov
rs in North Carolina—-the Legist
'ie*
>willbe«6ompell<4t6di
■iftts, uM p*id for in *d
^ In Consress;
exeoated at the Tekian Office contest of
i i ' —rr' WT
^SATURDAY MORNING.
T'4f*sfc tf ft**.* SvbAs, at
The Jodge said th*t he was
Ho see so large and respectable an auw
ldience; that he felt grateful to the
tpeople of the county tor the support
'they had given hici at his election ,
Hhat it Was especially gratifying, that
in Fannin, the county of his first res-
idence in the State, and in Harrison,
1thei ednnty of his present residence,
this support had been strongest-among
'those who knew him best. That he
indebted to the county icr his
-success, and indebted to the ladies of
Hhe county, some of whom then hou
•ored him by curir presence. He was
'there, not as a candidate, but for the
•purpose of rrtideriug an acoount ot
this stewardship to the people. He
Writhed to speak to the | eople. He
*W s not indebted to caucuses or
«liques, er party managers for support
>*>t h< would go to the newspapers;
Qtttt being indebted to the people, he
'wished to address them in person
IHefaad beea elected exclusively by
'thennbought suffrages of the district,
Hand entering Congress as the repre-
MBKjl ofthe peOpTe, aM'fflfrornTe j^u beareri down. t*en. Houston
politicians, tie trusted he 'Bad appre
Stated his diguity as their represents
Hive. Taking the seat ooce filled
tfejB the lamented Kaufman, he trusted
'that be was impelled by patriotism,
%o4|tbofe ati paltry considerations of
<pa«nrr and. bad endeavored to speak
t&ey would have spoken, had they
'bee# in the National Councils them-
-selves, and |ad endeavored to re pre
^eeOt jUieir interests upon all questions
^before Congress. Should not detain
«hea,itfwevet, by making any com-
ment upon hie coarse; had endeavor
Mftt to lay it before all of them, by his
ipnUisfeed xeoord. He understood the
ipower of slander, which perhaps had
severed from him sojne of his old
ifrieftds in ihe county. He had ex
ipresaed views on public questions at
Washington, not previonsty expressed
•by any Member of Congress, and
Hheee views had been affirmed by the
<d«eree of the Supreme Court. Fur-
ther, and without vanity, he might
-say, that his views on the Kansas
•question, and the slavery question,
had been endorsed by Mr. Buchanan.
Of hie honor he tohld sot be divest'
>edr|tOK eould his Congressional dis-
tf he w^a wrong in arraigning
outeaeracy proposed
of this had strengthened
the Unfotr feeling iu the North. Con-
siderate men feared a disruption-—
feared the effect on business interests.
~ the contest had become'
contest of sections, id Which the er left it.
parties were nearly equal, and but for
the action of the moderate men—he,
speaker, would not be there then
mi ress them. President Pierce
was at the head of the party Which
desired to hrieg about a dissolution of
the Union—the party so rampant for
evil in 1850 controlled the administra-
tion. He did not think the President
desired to effect a dissolution, but
i$jkde everything secondary to his ex-
treme anxiety to secure a re-nomina-
tiou—acting precisely like the class of
pettifogging lawyers who get up a
fight to get a fee in the Courts ; and
yet Mr. Pierce received the support
of Texas in the Cincinnati Conven-
tten. The speaker then spoke at
some length of the Kansas bill, which
he said was construed to mean one
thing at the North and another at
the South—contended that the North
made the legitimate construction of
the bill as Worded, and maide her pre-
parations to avail herself of it, and se-
cure the territory to the free States,
before the bill received the signature
of the President; He said that the
Compromise men of 1850 had all been
sacrificed. In the South, except Gen.
Rusk—who bad too much personal
popularity to be overconie--AlLJiacLl .iy*w^ w^ TT^r ttr
tire late administration, Mr. Buchanan
imMm add if Mr. Buchanan
was right. Every view
he had expressed in his speech rela-
tive to the policy of the late Admin-
tttttdon, was sustained by the pres-
«nt Administration. He said he
mm~ and he thought the peppie
Itueur, that tl>e extreme Southern
which had sought to
sever the Uatoo, had at this time the
control of the Democratic party in
meet of the Soothern States. He did
Ml know who had gone to Waco,
but if he eould see the list of dele
gates, he was satisfied that it would
ehow that the majojity was not com-
posed of members of the old line
Democratic party, but was made up
of renegade Whigs and apostate ft
N.'s. Those Who would manage at
Tyter< would be of the same classes
NLk Baehanun Understood all this as
well as any body. Mr. Buchanan
kne# Well where Mr. Pierce had de-
parted from the true Democratic poli-
cy, and had sought to correct the
Wrong; he bad determined to leave
out of his Cabinet all fire-eaters, all
Fieesoilefs, and to have in it only
comiromise meu-^-hone of Mr. Mar-
cy's eUss. He thought Mr. Buchan
un hid been true to that idea. He
said Mir. Buchanan understood as well
«e any mao that he had not been in
and the result was that ten emigrants
woflld brave the right of the cold:
wittters of the Northern territories,
for every one that would come Sotrth.
Mr. Buchanan uuderstood this, and
would not endeavor to counteract it;
atid he had no doubt that Mr. BAc-
hanan had already assigned Kansas
j|siyfree territory, u : w - : v:::
Mr- Buchanan would get Cuba,
oring to obtain it; and Mr. Buchanan
to allay all the Slavery agita-
tion. If it is continued it will result
in the South beiug surrounded by free
States—for the anti-Slavery party
wiirpersist, they will renew the con-
test |n 1860, and if not successful,
again in 1864, and so on until success
is attained. . a
The speaker descanted upon the
movesaent for a southern donfedrdc
cBanan did not—the
•V Statesmen of the day were all
^Opposed to it. He should support
Jjilr* Buchanan if he carried out these
views—s-trusted that he would. Let
no one say that he was coming back
to the Democratic party—he had nev-
He had always belonged
to,the old school Democratic party,
and was unchanged. He was not a
Candidate for Congress—whether he
should be, depended entirely upon the
people. He was there to ca!l atten-
tion to his course—if they approved
his views he would run—if not, not:
jnhis opinion he had done his duty—
his very best. If he had failed, it
would not be worth while for him to
return. He believed, that from his
experience, his capacity to serve them
had been increased—thought if he
were to return, he could secure the
passage oi the Pacific Railroad bill,
especially if SonQra should be acquir-
ed under the proposed treaty with
Mexico. It could not be passed last
session,. because all the old fogies
were opposed to it. He said the
views he now eutertained he had ad-
vocated for ti e last seven years—he
did not change his views without
strong reason, and his political prin-
ciples he never chauged—they .were
unchangeable, and he knew, if they
did not prevail it was out of his power
to serve them. If they wanted party
views, he could not-serve them. He
inquired if there was anything he had
said that they excepted to ? Was
r«- Judge Reagan's Speech, at Palestine.
On Saturday last, the 6th inst., ac-
cording to previous announcement,
Judge Reagan, the Democratic can-
didate for Congress in this District,
made his opening speech at the Court1-
House in this place, to a large and at-
tentive audience.
The Judge opened his speech by
making a personal explanation. Said
that in 1852 he was elected Judge of
this District. Last.'year he resigned
this position, because the Legislature
had increased the salary, ai}d. in.order
that the people might have an oppor-
tunity of selecting, from' the bar any
one who could^: by the increase of
salary, be induced, to accept the posi-
tion. Submitting his claims to his
fellow-citizens, they were pleased to
re-elect him Judge. For this retiew-.
downwards, and so be supposed, if
they ever cbme to life again, it will
be in China among the mandarins.—
He cautioned1 his1 fellow-citizens
against calling id their sentinels, de-
ceived by the Cry that the enemy, had
fled'the field ; the elements of this
party Were still abroad in the land,
and as " the price of liberty is eter*
nal vigilance," it behooves ns to.bie
on the watch. Three .times .fyave
these odious principles raised their
heads, and thrfee times has this Dem-
ocratic party slain them. But what
assurance have we that they will nof
again spring up, clothed in a new
name and wearing an assumed garb 1
Then let the Democm6^-stand to
their guns, with ^igifc^&watphes,
ready to do 4jty,$t a n^ments ww'
i njr. But we have a mighty pres^n "
Gen. Walker in Rew O^osfei. ,BW
New Orleans, May
about 6 o'dock, a^bajr dlscdteifd
the flag of the Empires City, < froiri
behind the chiHinfey& ,of the Spir-
hawk, said froatthsi^^iDOi "
sand^ df feyea \ that
flag till it rorafifed vthe tfl&tr*-.
Meanwhile th$>Oharles Morgan
and Mexico wer^t#fcomiif| ciwd-
ed' with spectaterpff, ia®^-%^cta-
tion was oa* the
the Empire City &fuBded tfe£ poiut
and waa greeted by-a saltite. "She
promptly returned the ;3toniipgf;
and sooit^dCSEme ra?
river.' *
As she pastil tli§ SPexa^ %
had been Intterly assaulted on account
of bis support of the Compromise
measures. Foote had been over-
thrown, and Jere Clemens, and there
was a bitter hostility to him, (the
speaker,) for the same cause. He
complained of Mr. Pierce for not sus-
taining Walker in Nicaragua—that he
had crushed the revolutionary spirit
in Cuba; bad endeavored to prevent
the acceptance-of the Gadsdeu treaty,
and but for Geb. Rusk and some oth-
ers, would huve succeeded—that he
had opposed the true foreign policy of
the country iu every way, and had
endeavored to subordinate everything
to the border fighting in Kansas, and
make the entire policy of the country
turn on that question.
Mr. Buchanan had reversed all this,
and placed Compromise men in his
Cabinet He had placed Gen. Cass
at the head of the Cabinet to reverse
the foreign policy; because General
Cass had a European reputation, and
had always been in favor of extend-
ing our territorial area. He hod over-
looked his objectionable opinions up-
on squatter sovereiouty on account of
his fitness otherwise, and especially
his reputation abroad. He said it
was a peculiarity of the American
character, that it could not be con-
fined, that it must have expansion,
must fill up new States and acquire
territory. The old Democratic party
understood this peculiarity, and recog-
nized it in its actiou—the Statesman
dare not overlook it—it must have
its way; .the late Administration
committed a great blunder iu not re-
cognizing it.
He said be had studied the North-
ern feeling upou slavery, and endeav
ored to understand it—had been to
New York and Rhode Island, and to
Massachusetts, to endeavor to com
piehend it—could not have properly
represented the interests of his con-
."tituency, if he had not done so.—
Let no man charge him with a want
of fealty to the South for this. He
thought that the Abolitionists of the
North were a small^class ; but that
the feeling of the masses of the
North was, to let slavery alone, where
it existed by law, dottsidering it en
tirely a creature of local law, hht to
keep it out of tbe new territories of
the North, from a Wide spread opin-
ion that con Id not be eradicated, that
free labtff Was degraded by contact
or association with slave labor. How-
ever mistaken the view, it was wide
spreadj arid could not be changed,
had been left utisaid? Examine the
recrrd ! Was he to be assailed and
put down because he would not work
in harness with party politicians ?
Look at his record, and decide for
themselves, and not apply to those
for opinions of his course, who were
desirous to put him down.
When the speaker concluded there
was a very moderate demonstration
of applause, from perhaps one fourth
Of the audience, He was respectful-
ly listened to throughout.—Clarks-
ville "Standard.
i [The above speech was delivered
previous to> his announcing himself
as a candidate for re-election.]
The U. S. Agricultural Exhibition,
to be held at Louisville on the first
five days of September next, will
probably excel any of the kind yet
held, as the farmers of the West and
South-west are said to be generally
determined to interest themselves in
its success. We notice that ex-Sec-
retary Guthrie has been chosen one
of the local executive committee.—
The fair is to be held on the spacious
grounds of the South-western Agri-
cultural and Mechanical Association,
which have an area of forty-three
acrs, and are said to be admirably
calculated for the purpose. The pre
mium list, which amouuts to some
$16,000, will soon be issued. Will
Texas be represented ? She certainly
ought to be.
We take great pleasure iu noticing
the progress of Texas mechanics.—
The Fairfield Pioneer in referring to
a notice we lately made of the man-
ufacture of a Derringer pistol of fine
workmanship by a mechanic of this
I'ity, says :
"It is due our excellent gunsmith,
Mr. A. L. Davis, to say he can show
a specimen that will do credit to any
Southern or Northern manufaeturer.
We were shown some pistols and a
rifle of his make, which were as good
and which displayed as much taste
Of workmanship as any we ever saw
We trust the day will come when
we shall have annual exhibitions of
the ingenuity, workmanship and in-
tention of our Texas mechanics.
[State Gazette.
Joseph Brenftn, late editot ot
the Delta, and Starter of the Daily
Times, died on the 27th of con
sumption* He was one of the
Irish patriots, a companion of John
Mitchell, and highly esteemed.
fill—it waS a position which suiti
him, and he would have been glad to
have retained it. But he" had ever
held it as a cardinal principle to as-
pire to, or resign any public position
which it was the will of the people
lie should do. He did not seek the'
position he now occupied, but appear-
ed before his constituency as the
Democratic candidate for Congress,
at the bidding of what he cpnceived
to be his duty: He had uyiformly
stited to all who had consulted him
upon the subject, that it was his wish
to- retain the Judgeship—but .that in
the latter part of last winter such rep-
resentations were made to him as in-
duced him to say, tnat if the nomina-
tion for Congress were tendered him,
he would not feel himself at liberty
to decline it, and for the reason above
given.
He should endeavor to conduct this
canvass upon principles of equity and
justice. Should deal in no bitter de-
nunciations of men—but confine him-
self to the discussion of Democratic
principles, for upon their success, as
he humbly believed, the perpetuity
of the American Union rests.
The speaker then proceeded to take
a brief review of the circumstances at-
tending the formation of the Union,
and the rise and progress of parties.
Spoke ot the States withholding, as far
as posible, their sovereign rights and
only granting to the Federal Govern-
ment such powers as were absolutely
necessary to carry into effect the ob-
jiicis ud jtfinght-.la ha nnaioad^
All powers not expressly granted to
the Federal Government in the Con-
stitution, were reserved by the States.
The State could in a certain emer-
gency, be the judge, whether their
rights had been violated and to choose
their own manner and mode of re-
dress. Acknowledged the abstract
right of peaceable secession by the
States, but doubted its being possible
to carry into effect—when that fear
fill day arrives, when the States shall
be compelled by a series of encroach-
ments and acts of oppression on the
part of the Federal Government to
wards the States, and they shall be
compelled to resume their independ-
ence, it would, iu his opinion, be left
to the stern abitrament of arms. He
heartily and cheerfully endorsed the
Virginia and Kentucky resolutions of
1798 and '99-
Alluded to the contest between the
elder Adams, the Federalist, and Jef-
ferson, the Republican, by which
name the Democratic party was at
that day known, With the success
of Jeffeison, the doctrines of the Vir-
ginia and Kentucky resolutions tri
umphed, and with the defeat of
Adams, the Federal doctrines went
down to rise no more by that name.
At a later day the Federal doctrines
were put forth again. The Whig
party, taking iu a modified form, these
old doctrine, appealed to the people
to rally to their support, The elo-
quence of a Clay and the logic of a
Webster were exerted in their behalf;
but it was all in vain. With one or
two practical successes they again
yielded to the overpoweriug princi-
ples taught by Democracy. Again,
in 1855, these principles were receiv-
ed at Philadelphia by the National
Council of the Know Nothing party,
coupled with the most dangerous
hereseis that ever were promulgated
in a Republican Government. The
speaker then reviewed the doctrines
ot the Know Nothing party. Showed
conclusively, that they were subver-
sive of the first principles of our Gov
ernment. That they proposed apply
ing tests foreign to the Constitution,
and whifh could not be carried into
effect without a total departure from
all the glorious records of our country
In arriving at what those principles
were, you must not look alone to their
platform of principles ; but you must
go to their Ritual, and there you will
find how they proposed putting those
principles into effect. It is true, a
certain distinguished candidate for
Governor, announces that the Know
Nothing party is dead and buried face
eh'i
the people,, whether they would vote
for one man and sweep away the
rights of the States, blot out this glo-
rious (Jnrou from" the list of nations,
or support another and preserve the
Union in all its purity. Happily for
us and our posterity, patriotism yet
animated the breasts of American
freemen—they decided for the latter,
and James Buchanan was ^triumph-
antly elected President, The party
that gave us battle last year, (the
Freesoil party,) is not dead, biit Will.
doubtless rally in 1860, and again
contest the field. Then should.we
not lose sight of all private or local
issues, and prepare to do battle vvith
the common enemy?
The Judge here, incidentally, allu- -placed. Qthe^lNifcara]
ded to Conventions; j For a long^ef* "" *J' - - --
ries of years, it has been the usage gf
ms
wharf^
where the enthuaafim was-the
greatest. Nine eheers \vere?* pro-
posed andgiven. -;,Where?^ Walk-
er ?" Show him ( Ouit !#ilh
him I" and other exprefekms^ were
uttered. At last. -£enV%alkfir
came forward and t(y *the
crofad. Hundreds raft' t|p |le
before the stage-<$o£ld ,ie
brought up, and it required the
utmost exertion and.pei'S^^^ to
made .last to the ship: * f <
.-Gen.iWalker was carried4ettt by
e people, who at the firstimpulse
„ joy wanted to take the horses
i from the carriage in which he was
placed. Qthe£.Nifearaguang were
equally eagerly ifri^cpmed, Colonel
, ., , Lockridge especially coming*: &
the Democratic party to hold Convent -fcr a large share ofthe COfigT&tfffe-
rinns. and for his oart. he heartilv en ; «BleSS^yotl, CdlOheV don't
you know one of your own tti6n V
tions, and for his part, he heartily *en
dorsed them. It was an undeniable*
fact that the dominant party were
compelled to hold Conventions, in or-
der to reconcile conflicting interests Of
aspirants, and ^maintain their suprem
acy. The weaker party as invariably
cried it down, and appealed to. the
passions, jealousies, and prejudices of
the people, to support them iu their
opposition to " town cliques" and
" caucuses." He said, show- him a
man opposed to Conventions and he
could place him—would be at no loss
to say to what party he belonged.—
Recommended the Democratic party
to hold^ Conventions, jweseat theU
candidates, ancT stand or Tafl tiy their
principles.
The speaker paid a merited com-
pliment to ex-President Pierce. Born
in the North, raised in the North, and
surrounded by all its influences, he
stood boldly forth and defended the
Constitution of the Union, and there-
by preserved the rights of the States.
The storms of fanaticism howled
around the Presidential mansion, the
black clouds of sectionalism in the
North, and Know Nothingism in the
South lowered o'er his political hori-
zon, but he was equal to the times
and discharged his duty, His whole
duty to his country. Every scheme
that was presented to rob the Federal
treasury met with his determined op> c
position, and he resigned the reins of|
Government into the hand of his suc-
cessor cheerfully, and carries with
him to his mountain home in the
Granite State,, the best wishes a ad
good will of the American people.
The Judge called upon the pebpie
to do everything in their power to
strengthen and invigorate the present
Administration, for. upon its success,
in a great degree, depends the result
which awaits us in 1860. lt"rsvnec*
essary that six members of Congress
should be gained in order to give the
Democratic party control over the
next House of Representatives?
What will you do ? Will yoti return
one of them 1 or will you send up a
man who will, on every occasion,.en-
deavor to paralyze the arm and thwart
the measures of the presebt National
Administration 1 * *
We are well aware that, the above
sketch of Judge Regan's remarks is
imperfect in many respects. We
have, doubtless, left out many points
which should not have been, and biit
casually alluded to others where we
should have dwelt at length. But as
it was impossible for us to present the
speech in full, we have sketched such
portions as made greatest impression
upon us. As to its reception by the
audience we can but say that as far
as we heard an expression, it gave
universal satisfaction and will tell
well in his favor on the first Monday
in August next. Immediately afte$
the speaking was over, an old line
State Rights Whig, a hearty sup-
porter of Budhaitiah, came to us, all
alive with enthusiasm, and declared
that it was the best speech be had
heard for many years and suited him
exactly in ever essential particular.
This we take it, was the general feel-
ing of those present.—Trinity Advo-
cate.
said a sjtout, bealthly lookjsg:
in his shirtsleeves, ^ Jie shook tfee
^0G°eneralWalker ism^A^i
and from his personal appearkiiife
hardly anyone wouldtMmkh#
the man who had, with > >aI: hatfidlafl
of men held out bO. ,.1o ^ agai&t
such an overwhelming forc^ ,
A deputation from our citizen-
soldiery received the General as
he left the steamer/when v^le
non bomed out a loud-mouth wel-
«mo. H-er wae ti±e -taken in a
carriage to the J3& Charles. Hotel
where, after loud calls, he made
his appearance on the portico, and
was received with a? perfect Stfeai
of cheers. He then spoke; as fol-
lows • Si.j'i
Fellow:countrymen—I, have, §1
ways felt sure ofthe sympathies o?
the American people in the c&USe
of which I am the Kfenble advo-
cate. Although no1# defeated in
Nicaragua, the, same sympathy
which has cheered us on so Jfaf
will yet result in the emancipa-
tion of that beautiful country.
Though defeated, we are not dis-
heartened. I thank you fellow-
leountrymeri for your kind incep-
tion on my return again to fliy
native land, and, must at the
same time express my gratitude
for your kindness and generosity
during my absence. .
The General then retired, to
meet the gfatulations of the hun-
dreds ofhig admirers who crowdi-
ed around him outstretched, hand?
of welcome and brotherhood. s
*■
I
1
H • •* i
; v * ' I
V A
M
I
The Age ' ow the Earth.—the
coal fields of North Carolina extendi
ed Over an area of 90,000 square miles)
while those of Great Britain occupy
an'era of only 5,000 square miles.
The masses of vegetable remains
found in coal leave no doubt, th^kt it
is of vegetable origin; and"bssumiug
that to be the fact, a geologist has
calculated the length of tifrfe that
would be required to vegetate -and
produce such, vast rfiasse^ qi carbon
as are deposited in beds of coal. It
has been'estimated, by observitidh#
on growing plants, that it woaId re-
quire 25 square feet surface to pro-
duce 1 pound of carbon, and suppois-
ing that the plants grew oj^the spot/
it would occupy 6,092 years io malctf
a bed of coal three feet in thick oess*
As the beds of coal in South Wales
are 120 feet thick, it would, accord*
iog to this calculation, havs required
243,680 years for the depositq^ant el
the whole of the coal strata^ , This
fact suggests some curious reflections
as to the period at which the forma-
tion of the earth took place.
The Sonora expedition has been
destroyed, and fifty-nine Americans
massacred. , ^ • *
The man that don't believe in ad-
vertising still insists jthat the sun
revolves around the earth. ,
«■*-
, •;* f
A
'
1%,
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King, George W. The Eastern Texian (San Augustine, Tex.), Vol. 1, No. 12, Ed. 1 Saturday, June 20, 1857, newspaper, June 20, 1857; San Augustine, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth233671/m1/1/: accessed June 11, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History.